The Coldest Capital Confronting a Severe Pollution Crisis

Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, is widely recognized for its bitterly cold winters, where temperatures can fall to as low as -50°C. Situated at an altitude of 1,350 meters, the city experiences a subarctic climate with a lengthy winter season and brief warm periods during summer. The geography of the city—nestled in a valley surrounded by mountains—creates conditions that trap cold air and lead to temperature inversions, intensifying the severity of the winter chill.

Amidst this natural harshness, Ulaanbaatar faces a man-made environmental crisis due to severe air pollution. A significant factor is the widespread use of coal for heating, especially in the traditional ger districts where nearly half of the 1.6 million inhabitants reside. The burning of raw coal and other solid fuels releases dangerous particulate matter into the air, with pollution levels during winter sometimes soaring up to 100 times above the safe limit recommended by health authorities.

These temperature inversions not only deepen the cold but also prevent pollutants from dispersing, leading to a vicious cycle that poses acute health risks. Local residents experience heightened rates of respiratory issues, lung diseases, and heart conditions, particularly affecting children and the elderly. Despite government initiatives to phase out raw coal in favor of cleaner energy options, many residents find it challenging to transition due to financial constraints and infrastructural limitations.

In spite of these environmental challenges, the people of Ulaanbaatar continue to live with resilience. Daily life carries on with public institutions and businesses operating throughout the winter, and traditional practices such as layered clothing and robust diets help residents endure the cold. Cultural festivities, including winter festivals and celebrations of the Lunar New Year, highlight the community’s enduring spirit even in the face of extreme climatic and environmental hardships.